Nile Catfish
The Ancient Egyptians and the Greeks knew about the shocking powers of the Nile catfish and the electric ray or “torpedo” (Figure 1). There is no concrete evidence, however, to show that they
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Heart Amulets in Egyptian Art
For the ancient Egyptians, the heart (ib) was the source of intelligence, feelings, and actions. A person’s memory was also housed in the heart and so at the judgment ceremony (Weighing of the
Ibn-Sina (Avicenna)
Avicenna (Ibn-Sina; 980-1037) is considered as a father of modern medicine (Figure 1). It was he who first recognized ‘physiological psychology’ for the treatment of illness involving emotions. He was a pioneer in