The Babylonians were remarkable observers and documentalists of human illness and behavior through documenting the patients’ symptoms and signs as they observed it without specific diagnosis or relating those symptoms to a disease.
Cranial surgery without modern anesthesia and antibiotics may sound like a death sentence. But trepanation—the act of drilling, cutting, or scraping a hole in the skull for medical reasons—was practiced for thousands of
Trepanning is one of the earliest surgical operations knowns, and there is considerable evidence to show that it was practiced by primitive man in prehistoric times. The scraping of a hole in the